In 2008, Richard Foote wrote this still excellent 4-part guide to index key compression.
- Index Compression Part I (Low)
- Index Compression Part II (Down Is The New Up)
- Index Compression Part III (2+2=5)
- Index Compression Part IV (Packt Like Sardines In a Crushd Tin Box)
He started with this comment, that I think is just as valid as it was then:
“Index compression is perhaps one of the most under used and neglected index options available. It has the potential to substantially reduce the overall size of non-Unique indexes and multi-column unique indexes, in some scenarios dramatically so... Not only will it potentially save storage, but if the resultant index contains fewer leaf blocks, that’s potentially fewer LIOs and from the Cost Based Optimizer’s point of view, potentially a cheaper execution plan option.”
Index key compression is a highly effective option for reducing index size and improving index performance.
“Oracle stores each distinct combination of compressed column values found within a specific index leaf block in a ‘Prefix’ table within the leaf block and assigns each combination a unique prefix number.” If the prefix length (the number of leading columns to be compressed) is too great, then the prefix table will contain more entries, ultimately one for every row in the index. The compressed index could end up being larger than the uncompressed index! If the prefix length is too small, then you might not get as much compression as you might with a longer prefix length.
In other words, there is a sweet spot where you will achieve optimal compression. That sweet spot can vary from no compression to compressing all the columns. It will vary from index to index, from partition to partition, and potentially over time as the data in an index changes.
Test Every Option to Determine Optimal Compression
One way to determine optimal compression is through exhaustive testing. Each index could be rebuilt at each possible compression prefix length, and the size of the index could be compared, and the performance of application processes could be tested.
The following PL/SQL script (available on GitHub) rebuilds each index on a named table at each possible compression length, collects statistics and stores them in a table.
REM index_compression_test.sql
create table gfc_index_compression_stats
(table_name varchar2(128)
,index_name varchar2(128)
,num_rows number
,last_analyzed date
,prefix_length number
,blevel number
,leaf_blocks number
,avg_leaf_blocks_per_key number
,avg_data_blocks_per_key number
,clustering_factor number
,constraint gfc_index_compression_stats_pk primary key (table_name, index_name, prefix_length)
);
DECLARE
l_table_name VARCHAR2(128) := 'PSTREENODE';
l_num_cols INTEGER;
l_sql CLOB;
e_invalid_compress_length EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_invalid_compress_length,-25194);
BEGIN
FOR i IN (
SELECT table_name, index_name, column_position prefix_length FROM user_ind_columns
WHERE table_name = l_table_name
UNION
SELECT table_name, index_name, 0 FROM user_indexes
WHERE table_name = l_table_name
ORDER BY table_name, index_name, prefix_length DESC
) LOOP
IF i.prefix_length > 0 THEN
l_sql := 'ALTER INDEX '||i.index_name||' REBUILD COMPRESS '||i.prefix_length;
ELSE
l_sql := 'ALTER INDEX '||i.index_name||' REBUILD NOCOMPRESS';
END IF;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(l_sql);
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE l_sql;
dbms_stats.gather_index_stats(user,i.index_name);
MERGE INTO gfc_index_compression_stats u
USING (SELECT * FROM user_indexes WHERE table_name = i.table_name And index_name = i.index_name) s
ON (u.table_name = s.table_name AND u.index_name = s.index_name AND u.prefix_length = NVL(s.prefix_length,0))
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET u.num_rows = s.num_rows, u.last_analyzed = s.last_analyzed, u.blevel = s.blevel, u.leaf_blocks = s.leaf_blocks, u.avg_leaf_blocks_per_key = s.avg_leaf_blocks_per_key, u.avg_data_blocks_per_key = s.avg_data_blocks_per_key, u.clustering_factor = s.clustering_factor
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (table_name, index_name, num_rows, last_analyzed, prefix_length, blevel, leaf_blocks, avg_leaf_blocks_per_key, avg_data_blocks_per_key, clustering_factor)
VALUES (s.table_name, s.index_name, s.num_rows, s.last_analyzed, NVL(s.prefix_length,0), s.blevel, s.leaf_blocks, s.avg_leaf_blocks_per_key, s.avg_data_blocks_per_key, s.clustering_factor);
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_invalid_compress_length THEN NULL;
END;
END LOOP;
END;
/The following chart presents the data collected by the script above for the PSTREENODE table in PeopleSoft. The number of leaf blocks is graphed against the compression prefix length. The left-hand end of each line shows the uncompressed size of the index. For most indexes, the size decreases as the compression prefix length increases until it reaches a minimum. That is the optimal compression. Beyond that point, where the prefix columns are (or are almost) unique, the compressed index is larger than the uncompressed index. In my example, only two indexes benefit from the entire key index being compressed. For all the other indexes, the optimal compression is obtained when some, but not all, of the key columns are compressed.
There are 8 indexes on PSTREENODE, and in all, the script performed 53 index rebuilds. On a small table such as this, it only takes a few minutes to work through this, but on a larger table, this could easily become time-consuming.
Let Oracle Calculate the Optimal Compression Prefix Length
The alternative is to let Oracle calculate the optimal compression prefix length.
Before Oracle introduced the DBMS_STATS package, we used the ANALYZE command to collect optimizer statistics. The last remaining use of this command is to validate object structures.
ANALYZE INDEX … VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE;
You can validate an object and all dependent objects (for example, indexes) by including the CASCADE option. The following statement validates the emp table and all associated indexes:
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE;
For an index, Oracle Database verifies the integrity of each data block in the index and checks for block corruption. This clause does not confirm that each row in the table has an index entry or that each index entry points to a row in the table. You can perform these operations by validating the structure of the table with the CASCADE clause.
Oracle Database also computes compression statistics (optimal prefix compression count) for all normal indexes.
Oracle Database stores statistics about the index in the data dictionary views INDEX_STATS and INDEX_HISTOGRAM.
The following script analyses each index.
INDEX_STATS displays only the results for the last ANALYZE command in the current session, so the script transfers them to a permanent table. It does not reanalyse indexes for which a result is already stored.
REM calc_opt_comp.sql
REM (c)Go-Faster Consultancy Ltd. 2014
REM see https://blog.psftdba.com/2016/02/implementing-index-compression-and.html
set serveroutput on autotrace off
clear columns
SPOOL calc_opt_comp
REM DROP TABLE sysadm.gfc_index_stats PURGE;
--create working storage table with same structure as INDEX_STATS
CREATE TABLE sysadm.gfc_index_stats
AS SELECT * FROM index_stats
WHERE 1=2
/
ALTER TABLE sysadm.gfc_index_stats
MODIFY name NOT NULL
/
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX sysadm.gfc_index_stats
ON sysadm.gfc_index_stats (name, partition_name)
/
undefine table_name
DECLARE
l_sql VARCHAR2(100);
l_owner VARCHAR2(8) := 'SYSADM';
l_table_name VARCHAR2(30) := '&&table_name';
BEGIN
FOR i IN (
SELECT i.index_name, ip.partition_name
FROM all_indexes i
, all_ind_partitions ip
WHERE i.index_type like '%NORMAL'
AND i.table_owner = l_owner
AND i.partitioned = 'YES'
AND i.table_name = l_table_name
AND ip.index_owner = i.owner
AND ip.index_name = i.index_name
AND ip.subpartition_count = 0
AND ip.segment_created = 'YES'
UNION
SELECT i.index_name, isp.subpartition_name
FROM all_indexes i
, all_ind_subpartitions isp
WHERE i.index_type like '%NORMAL'
AND i.table_owner = l_owner
AND i.partitioned = 'YES'
AND i.table_name = l_table_name
AND isp.index_owner = i.owner
AND isp.index_name = i.index_name
AND isp.segment_created = 'YES'
UNION
SELECT i.index_name, NULL
FROM all_indexes i
WHERE i.index_type like '%NORMAL'
AND i.table_owner = l_owner
AND i.table_name = l_table_name
AND i.partitioned = 'NO'
AND i.segment_created = 'YES'
MINUS
SELECT name, partition_name
FROM sysadm.gfc_index_stats
) LOOP
IF i.partition_name IS NULL THEN
l_sql := 'ANALYZE INDEX '||l_owner||'.'||i.index_name||' VALIDATE STRUCTURE';
ELSE
l_sql := 'ANALYZE INDEX '||l_owner||'.'||i.index_name||' PARTITION ('||i.partition_name||') VALIDATE STRUCTURE';
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line(l_sql);
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE l_sql;
DELETE FROM sysadm.gfc_index_stats g
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT 'x'
FROM index_stats i
WHERE i.name = g.name
AND (i.partition_name = g.partition_name OR (i.partition_name IS NULL AND g.partition_name IS NULL)));
INSERT INTO sysadm.gfc_index_stats
SELECT i.* FROM index_stats i;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END;
/
…The script produces reports of its analysis. The summary report shows the optimal compression length for each index and lists the columns that are and are not compressed. We can see that the result of the ANALYZE command agrees with the result of the previous test that rebuilt each index at each compression length and measured the size of the index.
Summary Report
Opt Comp Weighted Est.
Prefix Num Average Comp
Table Name Index Name Length FREQ Parts Blocks Saving % Blocks
------------------ ------------------ -------- ---- ----- ------------ -------- ------------
Compress Columns Do Not Compress Columns
----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
PSTREENODE PSAPSTREENODE 4 1 0 2,048 41.0 1,208
SETID, TREE_NAME, EFFDT, TREE_BRANCH TREE_NODE, TREE_NODE_NUM, TREE_NODE_NUM_END, TREE_NODE_TYPE
PSBPSTREENODE 8 1 0 1,920 34.0 1,267
SETID, TREE_NAME, TREE_BRANCH, TREE_NODE_NUM, TREE_NODE, TR
EE_NODE_NUM_END, TREE_LEVEL_NUM, TREE_NODE_TYPE
PSDPSTREENODE 3 1 0 1,280 61.0 499
SETID, TREE_NAME, EFFDT PARENT_NODE_NUM
PSFPSTREENODE 2 1 0 1,024 67.0 338
TREE_NAME, EFFDT
PSGPSTREENODE 2 1 0 2,304 35.0 1,498
PARENT_NODE_NAME, TREE_NAME EFFDT, TREE_NODE, SETID
PSHPSTREENODE 2 1 0 2,048 24.0 1,556
TREE_NODE, TREE_NAME EFFDT, SETID, SETCNTRLVALUE, TREE_NODE_NUM
PSIPSTREENODE 3 1 0 1,152 .0 1,152
SETID, TREE_NAME, EFFDT TREE_NODE, TREE_NODE_NUM, TREE_NODE_NUM_END
PS_PSTREENODE 4 1 0 1,792 46.0 968
SETID, SETCNTRLVALUE, TREE_NAME, EFFDT TREE_NODE_NUM, TREE_NODE, TREE_BRANCH
****************** ----- ------------ ------------
sum 0 13,568 8,486Compression of Partitioned Indexes
If you partition an index, then the script validates the structure of each physical partition. The detailed report shows the optimal compression for each partition. You may find that Oracle determines that the optimal compression is different for different partitions.
Only a single compression length can be specified for each index. It is then applied to all the partitions, although compression can be disabled on specific partitions. A judgement has to be made as to what is the best balance.
Detail Report
Opt Comp Est.
Prefix Saving Comp
Table Name Index Name Partition Name Length Blocks % Blocks
------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------ -------- ------------ ------ ------------
…
PSHJRNL_LN JRNL_LNH201612 1 143,264 142.0 -60,171
JRNL_LNH201712 0 88,192 74.0 22,930
JRNL_LNH201812 6 12,240 .0 12,240
JRNL_LNH201912 6 11,104 .0 11,104
…
JRNL_LNH202201 6 13,752 .0 13,752
JRNL_LNH202202 6 5,496 .0 5,496
JRNL_LNH202203 6 6,504 .0 6,504
JRNL_LNH202204 6 5,920 .0 5,920
JRNL_LNH202205 6 6,864 .0 6,864
JRNL_LNH202206 6 13,584 .0 13,584
JRNL_LNH202207 6 12,408 .0 12,408
JRNL_LNH202208 3 212,904 121.0 -44,710
JRNL_LNH202209 0 262,472 111.0 -28,872
JRNL_LNH202210 3 228,552 102.0 -4,571
****************** ------------ ------------
sum 1,625,328 574,550NB: ANALYZE INDEX on some partitions predicated a saving greater than 100%, leading to a negative predicted size estimate. This is obviously impossible. In the past, there was a bug (now resolved) that caused this behaviour. This occurs when the predicted optimal compression length is less than the current compression length in an index that is already compressed. However, this problem does not occur consistently.
In the above example, 6 columns of PSHJRLN_LN have already been compressed for all partitions. The script has validated that, for the majority of partitions, this is optimal and calculates that there is no further space saving available. However, some partitions require less compression.
The choice is between:
- Choosing to compress the entire index at a shorter compression. In which case, most of the partitions will be larger, the exception partitions will be small, but the net effect is that the index will be larger.
- Disabling compression on these partitions. Over-compressed indexes are generally only slightly larger than uncompressed indexes, so the benefit is probably only small
- Leave compression at the length that is optimal for most of the partitions, accepting that a few partitions will be over-compressed. This usually results in the smallest index overall.
I tend to favour the last option on the basis that an over-compressed index is only slightly larger than an uncompressed index, but your mileage will vary.
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